英语作文句子基本结构【一】
苏州现场班 朱从义
没看过《金字塔原理》，但是我们基本可以认为《结构思考力》这本书是对金字塔原理的总结和提炼，并用作者的思维方式进行了呈现。金字塔原理的核心是四点：结论先行；以上统下；归类分组；逻辑递进。
而作者这本书则是将其核心分为五部分：明确理念打基础；基于目标定主题；纵向结构分层次；横向结构选顺序；形象表达做演示；
第一部分，明确理念打基础，事实上这部分是作者阐述了金字塔原理的基本思想，强调了结构思考力的重要性。我们在很多时候都要面临表达，如何能做有效的时间里面将自己的观点清晰传达给受众者是在职场中非常重要的技能，无论是同事还是上司都希望能够进行有效的沟通；而客户更是时间有限，希望能够在极短时间获得足够多的信息。因此结构化的思考和表达就会至关重要。
第二部分，基于目标定主题，其实就是'结论先行'.我们在职场中间绝大部分时候需要尽快的传递自己的观点，以便对方能够能够抓住主线。正如麦肯锡的30秒原则，如果我们不能把一件事情在30秒内讲述清楚，意味着我们可能会丧失很多机会。因此一开始开章明义就成了最好的方式，如果时间只有30秒，那么能把结论讲清楚就算不错了。
第三部分，纵向结构分层次，也就是'以上统下'.30s后，如果你还有时间，就可以尝试找一些论据去支撑你的结论。而每一个论据本身又可以找一些理由去证明，这样就可以逐渐递进下去，直到逻辑显而易见的容易被接受。但是值得注意的是，大部分人同时能记住的原因不会太多，不能超过7条，最好是3条。因此我们在列举理由的时候，不能简单的罗列，要进行思考，并将有相关性的理由整合在一起进行高度概括，这就是'归类分组'.只有这样，才能进行快速有效的解释和阐述。
第四部分，横向结构选顺序，也就是'逻辑递进'.在每一组证据的内部，并不是可以随便不分先后的阐述，这样容易给人造成混乱和跳跃的感觉，从而形成理解上的障碍。因此，我们需要在同一组论据的阐述顺序上进行思考和重排，使得其符合一定的逻辑思维，容易被大众所接受。
第五部分，形象表达做演示，这一点是金字塔原理上没有阐述的。前面四条更多的是讲的'技',而这一条则是讲解'术'.我个人并不太推崇过度使用术，我坚信在我们职场生涯绝大部分时候都用不到，毕竟内部的沟通需要的往往是直接有效、逻辑清晰。当然，对于需要公众演讲的人而言，他们需要一些技巧去获得听众的注意力，这些场合表达上的方式也就变得重要了。
总体而言，这本书比较流畅的讲述了金字塔原理以及一些处理方式，对于大部分人而言应该还是一本不错的入门读物，有助于整理自己的表达方式。
英语作文句子基本结构【二】
所谓并列式论证结构就是文章的各层次之间是平行的，没有主次之分，层次顺序安排较为灵活的一种论证结构。段落之间如果相互调换位置，不会违背论证的逻辑结构。如2009年高考语文湖南的一学生《踮起脚尖》，作者把文章内容分为四层：第一层，踮起脚尖，感受大自然的美丽；第二层，踮起脚尖，谱写人间的真爱；第三层，踮起脚尖，成就完美的人生；第四层，踮起脚尖，就更靠近阳光。四层内容互不雷同，第一层举出的是自然中的平常事例；第二层举出的是来自生活中的平常事例；第三层举出的是来自书籍中的典型事例；第四层联系自身实际。这四层内容就构成了并列式论证结构。
并列式论证结构具有层次清晰、条理分明、富有文采、气势恢弘的好处。
英语作文句子基本结构【三】
非谓语动词系列训练（二）
一：在句子意思不变的情况下用分词或不定式改写下列句子：
1.When he saw from the top of the mountain, he viewed a beautiful city.
-----___________from the top of the mountain, he viewed a beautiful city.(用分词
2．When it was seen from the of the mountain, the city looks like a garden. (用分词 ------_____________from the of the mountain, the city looks like a garden. city. (用分词
3.When he was asked why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight.
-------When ________ why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight. (用分词
4. Do you know the boy who knows Japanese?
----- Do you know the boy ___________ Japanese? (用分词
5. Do you know the boy who is called Tom.
---- Do you know the boy ________Tom.- (用分词
6. This is the man who organized the activity.
This is the man________________ the activity. (用分词
7. He followed his students and came in.
------ He came in, ____________ his students(用分词
8. He came in and was followed by his students
----- He came in ,____________by his students(用分词
9.The woman who was dressed in a blue skirt delivered a speech to us.
---- The woman _____________ in a blue skirt delivered a speech to us. (用分词
10. Because he is a physicist, he could well explained how to do the research.
---- _______ a physicist, he could well explained how to do the research. (用分词
11. He was born on the 18th of January, 1979 in Taiwan, and he was raised by his mother and was shy and quiet during his childhood.
----- ____________on the 18th of January, 1979 in Taiwan, and he was raised by his mother and was shy and quiet during his childhood. (用分词
12. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless it is watered every day.
---The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ____________ every day. (用分词
13．When we were walking dogs, we came across a famous professor.
------ When ____________ dogs, we came across a famous professor. (用分词
14. He donated over 10 billion dollars in order that he could sponsor education, culture, sports, and public welfare in the earth-stricken area.
----- He donated over 10 billion dollars _____________education, culture, sports, and public welfare in the earth-stricken area.(用不定式
15 After he had finished his homework, he played the piano.
----- ____________ his homework, he played the piano.
16. After the bridge had been completed, it went through a hard time because of the bad weather.
----______________________, it went through a hard time because of the bad weather.
17 It is said that Bell invented the telephone.
18. Bell is said __________ the telephone. (用不定式
19. I don’t decide what I should do.
I don’t decide what__________(用不定式
20. It happened that he had been invited
---- He happened _____________
21.He was so young that he could not go to school. He was too young __________ to school.
22. When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
----- The test __________, we began our holiday.(用独立主格结构
23. As time goes by ,he becoms aware of it.
With time ________ by, he becomes aware of the significant of it.
24. The moon, which travels round the earth once every month, is a natural satellite of the earth.
---- The moon, ___________ round the earth once every month, is a natural satellite of the earth.
25. Though he had been told several times, he didn’t understand me.
-----_______ several times, he didn’t understand me.
26. After the problem was solved,he took a rest.
----With the problem ____________, he took a rest.
27. If time permits, we will
28．He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
---He lay there, his hand_______, his eyes looking straight up
29.I once read a book called Man, Woman and Child, which enabled me to understand the love in a family.
------I once read a book called Man, Woman and Child, ______________ me to understand the love in a family. (用分词
30.There are many places of interest, among which is the Yunji mountain,whose scenery is very beautiful, which attracts lots of tourists from different places every year.
------There are many places of interest, among which is the Yunji mountain,whose scenery is very beautiful, ____________ lots of tourists from different places every year. (用分词
二：非谓语动词完成句子练习
there was no doctor available. (only
, playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park? (spend
. (think
包括三名儿童）. (child
5. 根据他的话判断）, he did well in his exam. (judge
the Tang Dynasty. (date
7. This is an article （由五部分组成）five parts. (consist
five parts.(make
as soon as possible. (solve
bored a lot of fans to death. (concern
, l cannot object to your marriage. (concern
子）at school? （keep）
（躲在木箱里）behind the door. (hide
,we had to walk home last night. (be.
in the broad daylight yesterday. (rob
（满是脚印）. (mark
（石油价格上涨）, the economy of that country is slowing down. (go
18. When the national flag is being hoisted, all the students stand at attention, . (fix
him, I decided to write again. (hear
20. He doesn’t seem to mind by others. (make
next week is of great importance. (hold
is very important. (hold
is of great importance. (hold
the Third World. (belong
（致力于研究）, the professor paid little attention to his surroundings. (devote
in the morning. (come
（为了确保那孩子尽快康复），five doctors took turns looking after him day and night. (ensure
，the old man struggled to his feet. (help
, the parents were taken to the dining room. （show）
（.support）
. （drop）
, I am not familiar with this kill. (tell
（为了不被注意）by others . (notice
三：合并下列句子
1. The annual school sports meeting was held yesterday. It presented a marvelous opening ceremony.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. After the opening ceremony, we sat in the base of our class. We waited patiently for the beginning of the race.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Some of my classmates work very hard, and they hope to fulfill their dream. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4..My friend Christine took part in the 800-meter race. She had received training many times, so she kept calm before the race. After 400 meters, though she looked tired, she still tried her best to run. We screamed and beat the drum when we saw she passed by. She won the medal, and we were proud of it. (把短文中的从句或并列句改成非谓语动词
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
四：语篇填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空。(一）
Freud was one of the first scientists [1]_________（make）serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities [2]_________（base） in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason. He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams [3]___________（search） for the causes of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis(催眠. He wanted to see if [4]________（put）patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease
[5]________（trouble） minds. In most cases he found the effects only temporary. Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy. His method involved [6]________ (sit with his patients and [7]________（listen）to them talk. He had them [8]________（talk）about whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to
[9]___________（express）. There could be no[10]________（hold）back because of fear or guilt. 基础写作 :最近，你就读的学校——广东实验中学高中部将举办开放日。 你将作为学校的
学生代表向前来参观的英语老师介绍高中校区的基本情况，请准备好你的解说词，文章的开头和结尾已为你写好。(学会用非谓语动词表达）
?位置交通：位于广州市西部，荔湾区；出行便利，步行到地铁站约10分钟。 ?学校历史：逾120年的悠久历史；现高中校区于2004年 竣工并投入使用。 ?校园环境：占地面积约125,000平方米；植物繁茂，绿树成荫，环境优美。 ?校园设施：课室宽敞明亮，配备齐全；拥有标准运动 设施，
其中综合体育馆可用于举办比赛、会议和典礼。
?师生情况：目前学生约3000人，教师约200人；全体师生正在
为学校更美好的明天共同奋斗。
?【写作要求】
?只能用5个句子表达全部内容。?【评分标准】 ?句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。
Good morning, teachers! Welcome to Guangdong Experimental High School!.....
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非谓语动词练习答案
1．Seeing 2.Seen (原句有误，请改成When it was seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful (用分词 3. asked 4. knowing 5. called 6. organizing 7. following 8. followed 9. dressed 10. Being 11. Born 12. watered 13. walking 14. to sponsor 15. Having finished 16. Having been completed 17 18.. to have invented
19.to do 20. to have been invited 21. to go 22 finished 23. going 24. travelling 25. Having been toldTold 26. solved 27.permitting 28. clenched 29.enabling 30. attracting
二：非谓语动词完成句子练习
Keys:
1. only to be told (that 2. to spend your spare/free time
3. thinking about 4. including three children/ three children included
5. Judging from / by his words/what he said
6. dating back to/from (which dates back to/from
7. consisting of / which consists of
8. made up of/which is made up of 9. to solve the problem
10. concerning the football match 11. As/So far as I am concerned
12. (in keeping five children 13. hidden in a wooden box
14. There being no bus 15. to have been robbed
16. Seen from the top of 17. Seeing from the top of
18. To see 19. marked with footprints
20. the price of oil going up 21. fixed on/upon the national flag
22. with (both his hands tied 23. Not having heard from
24. (his being made fun of 25. to be held
