作文框架技巧【一】
在我们的生活中，景物太重要了。人们坐飞机，乘轮船，迢迢万里，从一个国家跑到另一个国家，或者上太空，下海洋，就是为了看景物。景物成了有些国家的主要经济来源，其至比任何工厂产品的价值都高，真是不可小视。想想看，我们是如何知道这些景物的呢？绝大多数不是通过看文章、观图片或其他媒体的介绍而了解的吗？你看，把景物的文章写好多重要。
你的家乡有这样的景物吗？如果有，那当然该写。如果说没有，那只是没人家那地方的景物有名就是了，但绝对会有。那里是不是也曾令你陶醉过啊，是不是也留下过你孩提时很多有趣的故事啊？那就也写一写它吧，说不定家乡的景物会因为你的而大出其名呢！
写景物，当然少不了要先介绍一下时令，也就是说，你写的景物是什么季节的景物。同时，还需要点明是什么地方的景物。接下去，就该具体描写景物了。
景物的描写，有土观描写和客观描写之分。所谓客观描写，就是景物是什么样子，你就写成什么样子，就像摄影一样。所谓主观描写，就是在你描写景物的时候，自然而然地糅进了自己的感情，使景物的客观景象朝自己的主观感觉倾斜。杜甫有一句诗对这种情景说得最透彻：“感时花溅泪，恨別鸟惊心。”用一句通俗的话说就是：当你的心情好时，看什么都顺眼；当你的心情不好时，看什么都不顺眼。在这两种心情的.驱使下，都可以把景物写好。好心情下，你笔下的景物会融入欢娱的色彩;坏心情会使你笔下的景物染上忧郁的情调。
以上说的是心情对景物描写的影响。实际上，景物也会对心情产生影响。心情不好时，出去散散心，林中走一走，海边逛一逛，都会改善你的心情。正常心情下，见到大海会使你心胸开阔，见到瀑布会使你倩感激越，见到大漠会使你产生苍凉之感……通过以上介绍，你对心情与景物的关系就有个大致了解了，在以后的写作中，慢慢地去吧。眼下，我们需要学会的是在正常心情下以一种欣赏的态度去描与景物。
景物描写，实际上是一种综合性描写。因为景物当中，不但有植物、动物，还可能有喷泉、雕塑、壁画；不但有人物，还会有人物的活动等等。这些共同构成了景物的元素，当然都应该或轻或重或浓或淡地给予描写。关于这方面，前面在单项描写时都已分別作了介绍，可作参考。另外，任何景物在不同气象条件下都会有不同的面貌，可从多角度去写。再者，景物描写，还足一个场面描写。场面有大有小，观察点也会有多有少，要认真选择。各种景物元素之间的位置关系，互应之势，要给以充分的考虑。
同写任何事物一样，写景物也不是为写景物而写景物，而是通过景物写自己的感受，写自然之美，写人工之妙。
在这方面，有很多漂亮的文章，希望你细心揣摩体会，也写出自己的得意之作。
作文框架技巧【二】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
作文框架技巧【三】
用景物描写收尾这个方法是写人叙事写作的最常用的笔法。结尾中的景物描写，绝不是为了描写而描写，而必须有一定的作用，可以寄托一种情思，可以象征一种情态，可以表达一种含义，可以突现一种情境等。
例1：我抬起头来，幽蓝的天空，辽远而纯净这是春天的晴空啊！一群又一群鸟儿从远方来了，它们欢叫着，抖动着翅膀，划过透明的春天，飞呵，飞呵，飞。
这是赵丽宏的《小鸟，你飞向何方》的结尾。用小鸟隐喻十年动乱后热爱学习的年轻人，这样的结尾虚实结合，含蓄隽永，耐人寻味。
例2：床头挂着一串星星，一串蓝色的闪亮的星星，十五颗闪亮的让人感觉静谧的星星。每每在灯光的照耀下它们那夺目的'光芒，总会使我想起一个叫诚实的字眼儿。
至今，床头那串星星仍闪着美丽的光亮。
这是《床头，那串善良的星星》的开头和结尾，这篇作文荣获全国中小学生创意作文大赛初中组二等奖。文章开头写蓝色的闪亮的星星时，用静谧一词写出了蓝色的纯净给人的感觉。结尾仍旧用景物描写，不仅达到首尾呼应，而且写出了这件事给小作者的印象深刻，这样的结尾意味深长。
例3：哦，又和父母闹别扭了。
风渐渐停了，风筝缓缓地落下来，被一双充满温暖的手捧起来，它回家了。云渐渐散了，露出一片湛蓝的天。
这是范文《风筝》的开头和结尾。风筝是贯穿全文的主线，小作者通过对风筝的观察与感受，叙述了自己由迷惑到明了由烦恼到快乐的经过。文章开头的基调是忧伤的，结尾的景物描写感情昂扬，意境悠远。
通过以上的示例可以看到，景物描写的收尾法均是有的放矢，熔铸着小作者的感情，表达了某种含义，而且这种含义的表达含蓄隽永，意境悠远。自然成为作文的亮点。注意在写作时不用生硬地用景物描写结尾，而要在开篇以及文中贯穿这种景物，这样结尾才会水到渠成。
作文框架技巧【四】
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下，从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写，把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程，在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联，对真实交际意图做作出推理，从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解，达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献：
[1]Gutt，Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance：Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford：Blackwell，1991。
[2]Sperber，D。& Wilson，D。Relevance：Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford： Blackwell，1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究，1999，（3）。
[4]蒋坚松，黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007。
作文框架技巧【五】
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
作文框架技巧【六】
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为，语言交际是一个认知过程，交际双方之所以能够配合默契，是因为有一个最佳的认知模式，即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定：语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标，人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息，以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向，但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联，即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果，并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设，所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境，交际中的语境不是固定不变的，而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示，即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图；推理，即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中，听话人的推理是理解话语的核心，而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联，关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果，有了语境效果，就能正确理解话语，使交际获得成功。
作文框架技巧【七】
